Wednesday, 30 October 2024

Who Is The God Who Does Not Heal A Child With Cancer?

 Who is this God who does not answer the prayer of a Christian mother whose daughter is dying of cancer?

 Who is this God who does not answer the prayers of a Christian mother for her addicted son?

Who is this God who does not answer the prayer of a Christian husband who wants to find a job that will provide for his family?

 Who is God?

 There is one thing here we can say with certainty. God is not a God who helps Christians the way we want to be helped. That is not reality. 

 We want blessings - peace, prosperity, health, happy marriages, clever children…we want God to help us have the sort of life we want.

 And that doesn’t happen.

 Maybe it’s happened to you. You were expecting God to help you.

 He hasn’t and you are disappointed. 

 There is a simple truth here that can bring clarity.

 It is this:

 Wanting God to be God is very different from wanting God to help me.

 So we come to this question. Do I want the God who helps me? Or do I want God?

 In our heads we say we want God. It is the only logical answer. But in our hearts, we desperately want a God who will help us the way we want to be helped.

 We are not alone. Let’s consider the story of Mary and Martha in John 11.

Here we learn that when God does not help us as we want Him to, there is an invitation to lean in and trust God as He is.

 How is He then in this story? What is He like? There are several characteristics.

 1. He knows

 Mary and Marth wanted the God who would help them. Their brother was sick. They were worried. They wanted help. So they sent a message to Jesus to come. You can understand their thinking. We are close friends of Jesus. We have welcomed him into our homes. Mary thought to herself, I have sat at his feet and listened to his teaching. Martha thought to herself, I have cooked for him and all of his friends. They were thinking, we have been loyal friends of Jesus, now He should come and help us.

 And He doesn’t come.

 It is the same for us. God doesn’t come to help us when we want Him to.

 But that doesn’t mean God isn’t there and it doesn’t mean God is not involved.

 In fact we see that Jesus heard the message and pondered it, twice – he heard the news (v4, v6)

 Who is God? He is the God who knows every detail of our life, who hears every prayer we ever breathe. He is involved.

 2. Committed to His glory

 Jesus then told his disciples that Lazarus’ illness was for the glory of God. And because the illness is for the glory of God, he stays where he is. In Mary’s mind, in Martha’s mind, the God who helps should have got the first train to Bethany. But he doesn’t move.

 Because of the glory of God.

 Right at the start of this story the two Gods separate. There is the God we want to help us. He is not real. He doesn’t exist. And there is the real God utterly committed to the glory of God.

 God’s glory is the only item on His agenda. – helping the victims of an earthquake, serving the poor, healing the sick, feeding the hungry…and on and on. We have so much for God to do.

 However God only has one plan: His glory. The entire universe, every living being, giving glory to God, exalting God above all.

 When God is truly God, when all glory goes to God, that is best for everyone.

 When God is less than God, that is worse for everyone.

 So when Jesus hears about his friend Lazarus being sick his first thought is not, ‘I must go and help Mary and Martha’; no, it is the glory of God.

 Who is God? He is the God who is solely committed to the glory of God

 3.God is OK with our anger

 Jesus waits because of the glory of God – and Lazarus dies.

 Well done Jesus. Look at what has happened because of your concern for the glory of God. I was told to trust in you, I was told you were kind, I was told you would help.

 But…

 Lazarus is dead.

My child has cancer.

I can’t pay the rent.

I have lost my job.

 There is anger with God. Certainly both Mary and Martha were angry. As soon as they see Jesus they both say the same thing:

 ‘If you had been here my brother would not have died’

 You can hear the anger. We sent you the message. You had plenty of time, but look, you have come too late. Now he’s dead. It’s over. If only you had been here…but you weren’t.

 I expect some of you reading this have been where Martha and Mary were. Perhaps some of you listening right now are there. And deep down you are angry with God.

All this anger explodes in Jesus’ face, and let us notice something. He does not get upset with them. He could have said, look I am risking my life and the lives of my friends by coming to Bethany. You are so near Jerusalem where my enemies want to kill me, and instead of thanking me for coming, you are angry with me?

 Jesus is patient. We can shout out our anger at Him. It’s OK.

 Who is God? He is patient with us when we are upset.

 4. No explanation

 You would expect Jesus to apologise, to explain why He is late. He doesn’t. Not a word. Neither to Martha nor Mary. They are shouting at him – why weren’t you here?

 He gives no answer.  Remember Job. After all his suffering, and all his complaining, when God eventually speaks there is no explanation for the suffering. Instead God tells Job off because by complaining Job was implying he could do a better job than God at running the world. So God says, OK…so ‘where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?’

 You might have had the same experience.

 Who is God? He is the God who does not have to explain anything to his creatures.

 5. He comes – with hope and love

 God does not explain, but that does not mean He does not love us intensely, wanting the very best for us. See his love for Mary and Martha

 For both He comes. Yes for them it seems too late, but He comes even though it is dangerous, even though his disciples very definitely did not want to come. It is the same for us. God might not help us in the way we want to be helped; but He does come. Suddenly the two sisters heard the news – Jesus is here.

 Who is God? He is the God who comes to us. Always.

 And what does He bring? Hope and love

 For Martha he brings hope. She says to Him: ‘My brother is dead. That’s it. There is no more. Just memories and photos.’

 Jesus says: ‘No, you are wrong Martha. Death does not have the last word. Death is not the end for a human being. There is a resurrection. There is another life. The best is yet to come.

 Jesus points us to the resurrection. That is the most beautiful truth any human being can grasp. We want help – more money, a ticket to Florida, a great job…but none of these are going to deal with the one certainty of life - death. What does it matter which country are in when you are on your death bed? What does it matter how rich you are when you are on your death bed? They don’t matter.

 What does matter is the resurrection. Soon all of us will be facing death. And here is what God is saying – ‘I am the resurrection and the life he who believes in me, though he dies, yet shall he live’.

 Jesus asks you to lean in and believe this truth this morning, that death does not have the last word, that there is a resurrection, that a time is coming when every tear will be wiped away, every wrong put right.

 Who is God? He is the God who brings the dead back to life to enjoy life with Him forever.

 For Martha hope; for Mary, tender care and tears.

 When Jesus gets to Bethany, only Martha goes out to welcome him. Mary wouldn’t go. She was too upset. She was upset. And Jesus notices this and this matters to Him. And so He sends a message and Martha comes and whispers in her sister’s ear – ‘The teacher is here, and is calling for you’. She is important. She does matter to Him. And she jumps up and runs out to the village where Jesus is still standing. falls at his feet and weeps.

 And Jesus also weeps. He is there with her in her sadness. This is not religion with neat answers; this is relationship. Jesus’ love for Mary is not academic, it is not theory. It is the reality of tears pouring down his face.

 And those tears are an invitation for Mary to believe that God is good, that He is for us, that He will do the best for us.

 Who is God? He is a God who cares deeply for us.

 6. The God Who Dies For Us, So We Might Live.

 And then - in this story - Mary and her sister and the others saw something they would never have seen if Jesus had come and done what they wanted. Their brother was raised from the dead. Mourning ) is replaced by joy. Not just the joy that their brother is alive, but the even deeper joy of the certainty that the true God can be trusted.

 Yes, the ‘Help me God’ disappoints, because He is not real. The real God, the God who is committed to His glory, not our needs, He does not disappoint. He hears our prayers; He comes into our situation; and while offering no explanation, He hears our anger; He points us to the reality of the resurrection; and even when we are upset, He shows us tender love – and at the end of the story we are shown how great that love was.

 A report about the miracle goes back to Jerusalem. The council meets. And Caiaphas, the leader, announces that Jesus must die. Lazarus’ resurrection causes Jesus’ death. That’s how great God’s love for Mary and Martha and Lazarus is.

 That’s how great His love is for us.

 Who is God? He is the God who dies for us.

 It is normal for many people to want the sort of God that Mary and Martha wanted at the start of this story, the ‘God who must help me God’. There is an invitation here to understand that this God does not exist, but to lean in and trust the God who does exist. The God as revealed in Christ in this story.

 The God who lives for his glory, not our needs

 But -

 Who hears all our prayers

Who comes into our story

Who brings hope

Who cares for us and weeps with us

Who loves us so much He died for us

And who promises us resurrection

 

 

Thursday, 25 July 2024

The US Election: what is more dangerous, a flawed character, or a flawed idea? A flawed idea.

 When it comes to the US election and character, Trump is completely shot through. Wherever we turn in his colourful life we find dismal flaws, especially when it comes to telling the truth.

 When we turn to Harris, we find a hard-working lady from a difficult background who has consistently championed worthy causes, such as limiting gun control, or improving medical care for the poor. Her character seems exemplary. She has one spouse, and is a fine mother to her two step children.

 If voting is about character, then it’s a no brainer. It has to be Harris.

 However politics is not just about people’s characters. It is about ideas, and if a person with a seemingly good character supports a bad idea, the results can be horrendous. Robespierre immediately springs to mind. He was not a flawed character. He was hard working, committed and no philanderer. And, like Harris, as a young lawyer, he opposed the death penalty. Fatally though he was a student of Rousseau, who advocated the false idea that there is a ‘public will’ of the people which had to rule, not kings or an aristocracy. Robespierre was Rousseau’s most faithful disciple, and the result was the terror.

 Harris is not obviously a flawed character, but she is a keen advocate of two terrible ideas, both robustly opposed by the Bible and the Christian-Judaeo tradition that underpins so much of Wester civilisation.

 One is abortion, the deliberate killing of an unborn child. The flawed idea here is that the mother has the right to choose (reproductive rights), whatever the outcome is for the child. Harris has toured 18 states, campaigning for abortion.

 The second is LGBTism. Harris is an outspoken advocate. Here there are at least three flawed ideas. One is that our identity is in our sexuality, and so if we are able to express this, so there is happiness and fulfilment. The second is that we are all born on a spectrum, we are all sexually diverse, some even are born in the wrong bodies. This is more dangerous, and sits in direct opposition not just to the reality of what the census show, so in the UK they are stubbornly heterosexual, there is no rainbow, and to the Bible’s declaration which is that God created mankind, male and female. A doctrine underlined by Jesus Christ. And the third is the myth that things must progress, and so marriage, people’s sexual lives, they can be improved. This explains why the violent and vulgar supporters of trans rights, talk about being on the right side of history.

 The results of abortion and LGBTism are miserable, easily seen in the steep rise in mental health problems, the withering of marriage, the decline of the family – and now the destruction of proper competition in professional sport. Wherever LGBTism is promoted so a darkening shadow rises over society.

 This is what Harris is supporting. Yes, her character easily outshines Trump’s; but anyone taking a sober look at history will soon conclude that Harris is much more of a threat to society than Trump is. She will – perhaps for another eight years – cement in the false ideas of ‘reproductive rights’ and LGBTism into the West. And, as sure as night follows day, just as there was for all those thousands who drank Rousseau’s poison, there will be a terrible day of reckoning.

 Trump on the other hand will oppose LGBTism, and provide some circus entertainment. He will then leave the stage. The idea that he could establish a hereditary dictatorship is fanciful. The constitution is set up to oppose any return to a monarchy. Think of most American films and who the bad guys are – it’s the English. Americans have not forgotten who their first enemy was.

 Trump will come and go.

 Harris will take the West much further down the dark tunnel of LGBTism.

 

 

Thursday, 4 July 2024

A Pilgrimage from the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, Guildford, to the Cathedral of the Holy Family, Barcelona (first leg)

 It was twenty years or so ago I lifted my eyes up from a hot, crowded street in Barcelona and saw the thin towers of the Cathedral of the Holy Family. Its unexpectedness stopped me. I had never seen such towers – off centre, almost crooked, delicate. Here was an invitation. But we had two young children, and waiting in a long queue to see a cathedral was not on the agenda. It would have to wait.

 We left, but the memory of that first sighting stayed. And a clear idea formed: to bike to Barcelona from England. To undertake a deliberately slow, probably difficult journey, to see Gaudi’s masterpiece. A pilgrimage.

 We live near Guildford, and here is Britain’s youngest cathedral, uniquely called, the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit. So, this would be a pilgrimage from the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, to the Cathedral of the Holy Family.

 The Holy Spirit and Holy Family belong together. The water flowed from the temple of Jesus’ body, not to an individual, but to a family – ‘Woman, behold your son’, ‘Behold your mother’. The Holy Spirit is for the Holy Family and there can be no Holy Family without the Holy Spirit. So – it made perfect sense. To reach the Cathedral of the Holy Family, we must start at the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit.

 I shared my idea with an old friend, and a great lover of cycling. He was interested, but pointed out that a bike ride from Guildford to Barcelona was north of nine hundred miles and would take at least three weeks. He had an excellent suggestion: divide the journey into three legs of roughly three hundred miles. Even better, he would then come with me. And he spoke French. And he loved navigating.

 Things had fallen into place, and the first leg of the pilgrimage, Guildford Cathedral to Poitiers was completed on June 30th, 2024.

 Here are some brief notes from that first leg

 Day 1: 24th June- Guildford to Portsmouth

 The Downs: Sweat

 There was silence and space in and around Guildford Cathedral for the start of the journey. And just for the morning, we were joined by the wife of my fellow cyclist. When she was a young mother God unexpectedly breathed on her, first in her home, and then later she was filled with Holy Spirit, fittingly in this Cathedral of the Holy Spirit. Before we set off the Dean, the Venerable Stuart Beake, kindly came and prayed for us. He asked God to protect us, and for our encounters with other travellers on the way. He then blessed us.

 Cycling from Guildford to Portsmouth is not easy. The north downs; then the south downs. Hills, some steep, some just long. And for our camping we had more weight than usual. However narrow the country road, there were cars and vans, with faint aggression as their engines rumbled behind us. And it was hot. In the gaps there were wide scenes of green English beauty, but the final hour or so was more gritty as we weaved our way through the sprawl of Havant, and dreary, run-down Portsmouth.

 The stress made sense, for getting started is rarely easy. God fills us with the Holy Spirit – but the hills, the heat, the exhaust fumes, the urban grey, all remain, for a season.

 A ferry though is waiting.

 Day 2: 25th June - Ouistreham to Le Vey

 The River: Ease

 Less than five minutes from the ferry port in Ouistreham, there is a canal which, in Caen, the River Orne flows into. Along the canal, and the river, there is a wide, smooth, tarmac path, shaded by an abundance of trees. It was nearly forty miles of cycling heaven. After our lunch, I entered the cool of a church – they are usually open – said thank you, and dozed. We reached our campsite in the afternoon, and enjoyed more rest in its shady bar area.

 An intense day, followed by a day of ease, nearly always by a river. Sometimes it is difficult to sense the Holy Spirit in our lives – it’s more hills and exhaust fumes; but there are other seasons where we see Him flowing right by us as we bike down a smooth, shaded path.

 Day 3: 26th June - Le Vey to Bagnoles de L’Orne

 Heat: Unexpected Encounters

 After the river path, we entered spacious country-side, with long gentle hills. Soon the heat began. Today, it was a humid, sweaty ride. By eleven thirty we were already tired and found rest in the village of La Carneille. In the centre, there was a specially built shaded area with tables and benches. Here we had our lunch, and then, again, I entered the cool of the church.

 When I came back, my friend had news. We had received an invitation from a gentleman called Claude to visit his garden, and learn more about the village. We accepted. Claude was probably in his mid-seventies, and had much to say about the English and the Hundred Years War. Somehow the conversation shifted to what it means to be children of Adam, and Claude was clear that Jesus is the Saviour. He then showed us his garden – clematis, sweet-peas, roses galore, and scores of cacti in pots in different old bath tubs. For Claude, the garden was more than the physical. It was a way of looking at life, so in different parts he had quotations, several from Monet, and one from Erik Orsenna, a French politician and novelist: ‘Le Jardin c’est la philosphie du visible’. Our talk continued with coffee, and more talk under the shade of a fruit tree.

 The Dean of Guildford Cathedral had prayed that we would have good meetings along the way. This was certainly one. Another would be with the owners of a roadside cafĂ©. The husband was French, but spoke good English, his wife was Brazilian. We talked about experiencing God, I encouraged them to remember that Jesus is the Saviour, and to read Psalm 139 and John 11. And at our camp site on our last night in France, there was only one other customer, Thomas, a retired history teacher from Germany. He hosted us in his luxurious camper van, and we had long conversations. As with shorter encounters with shop keepers, the explanation of the pilgrimage – Holy Spirit to Holy Family – helped open things up.

 Day 4: 27th June - Bagnoles de L’Orne to Brulon

 Mist: Not Knowing

 As we left our camp-site in the early hours, around six thirty, there was a lot of mist. Surely it would soon clear. It didn’t. It got worse. We stopped to put on our lights. As we rode along those quietish French lanes, in the fields you could only see the shape of the trees.

 Over breakfast I told my friend that the mist was for him. He was quizzical. The day before over lunch he had asked the question many have asked: what was the point of God creating man as a fallible being, so causing thousands of years of suffering? Though he rarely talks about it, my friend had lost some of his family in the Holocaust. The question was not academic.

 I think he was a little surprised that I didn’t turn to any of the well-known theodicies. Instead I told him of God’s question to Job – ‘Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?’ He is God, He knows what He is doing. The invitation is to trust without knowing, to trust in the mist.

 Day 5: 28th June - Brulon to Rosiers

 Backways: Singing and Conversations

 Our early morning route was the D4. Sometimes France’s D roads are idyllic; sometimes they are brutal. This section of the D4 was brutal. It was straight, there was no cycle lane, and juggernauts were thundering past us at sixty or seventy miles an hour. It was dangerous for them; lethal for us.

 We looked at the map, and swiftly chose another route. We took the backways. The quietness immediately welcomed us, and we rode gently on, enjoying the fields, forests, and hamlets. My friend was often ahead, and when I dropped behind I would sometimes sing. It wasn’t difficult to worship amidst such quietness and beauty.

 And there would be talk. We had so many discussions, often about history – America, France, Britain. And politics. Once my friend explained to me the entire education system of Germany which he had helped changed when he was involved with pioneering an international testing system.

 Our gentle roads eventually brought us back to a busier one that took us to Rosiers and the Loire.

 Backways take longer, and usually have more hills; but they bring quietness. That is worth a lot.

 Day 6: 29th June - Rosiers to Savigney

 Storms: Providence

 Setting off early, we enjoyed a blissful stretch of empty road along the magnificent River Loire. As we left the river to head south, again taking a back way, we came to the village of Beze where we rested. Here there was a small memorial for those killed mainly in the First World War. Such memorials are common; but my friend noticed something very different about this one. First there were some names from the Second World War, and then, above these, there was a plaque commemorating Daniel Rabitz, a Jewish man, who had been murdered at Auschwitz.

 Through this plaque, my friend saw another rare memorial to a Jewish man in France. This was the grave of his uncle, Hans Serelman. We sat on a bench by the memorial, and my friend told me about Hans.

 Hans had been a much-loved doctor in Berlin, but had fallen foul of the Nazi race laws in the 1930s. He was also an ardent socialist. So, Hans was sent to prison, but such was his popularity that hundreds gathered to protest and he was released. Hans left Germany, not for an easy life, but to go and fight in the Spanish Civil War for the communists. After Franco’s defeat, he arrived in France, and was soon fighting with the resistance. Towards the end of the war, Hans’ unit, living in a remote farmhouse, was discovered by the Gestapo. There was no surrender, Hans fought to the end. He now has a grave in Oleron Saint Marie, the town near to where he died fighting. Several years ago many of the family gathered in Oleron to honour Hans, sixty years after his death.  As my friend told the story of the uncle he had only heard about, but never met, there were tears in his eyes.

 After our rest, the skies soon darkened. Things became dramatic, even Biblical. We were on a small country road, with fields stretching out on either side. To the west, there was a huge shadow, like a back curtain to a vast stage. And across this there were streaks of lightening, the rumblings of thunder.

 And then the rain: intense, powerful, hitting the road hard and spitting up again. It was impossible, dangerous, to keep on cycling. We needed shelter. Just as the rain opened fire on us, we saw the entrance of a driveway to a chateau. This was the ‘Eternal Chateau’, which was temporarily closed. And in that driveway, there was a small chapel. Its door was open, and we were easily able to wheel our bikes in. Outside the rain was pounding down; inside this quietness.

 Our shelter from the storm was an intriguing place to be. Its official name was ‘Martha’s Chapel’. The art-work was recent, but still in a medieval style. After taking a good look, we settled down to play chess till the rain eased. Just before setting off again I wrote in the visitors’ book, ‘Beautiful Providence, a Shelter in The Storm’. My friend did not use that word, but he was quite taken by the way this chapel had appeared at the exact time we needed shelter.

 Beautiful Providence for us; but what about Hans Serelman and Daniel Rabitz? A shelter for us, seemingly no shelter for them. There is no answer, except what we have in Job, an invitation to trust the Creator.

 Soon after I literally saw that invitation. The skies remained dark as we rode along the quiet country lane. There was still silent lightening many miles away. But very near where I was cycling, I suddenly noticed a white bird – probably a dove. The bird flew near us for a while and then swooped away.

 The Holy Spirit is with us – before the storm, during the storm, and after the storm.

 Day 7: 30th June - Savigney to Poitiers

 Cathedrals: Worship

 We rode the twenty-five miles from Savigney to Poitiers before breakfast. It was good to arrive at our final destination for this leg of the pilgrimage. We soon made our way to the city’s glorious cathedral. I went inside and sat on the front row, just before the first sanctuary, full of thanksgiving.

 As I sat there, the priest and others were arriving to prepare for Mass. In the midst of such grandeur, friendly greetings were rippling around me. I was very struck by the first sanctuary immediately in front of me. The lectern was a smallish human figure in wood, holding up their hands to hold the Bible; further back was the bishop’s chair and rising from its back was a larger figure, their arms held high; and opposite the lecture were three figures, all with their arms raised in worship. The simple stone altar was, of course, in the middle. It was a scene of worship. Later in Tours, waiting for the train to Caen, I spent time in another grand cathedral, where there was worship. 

 This end to the pilgrimage was entirely fitting. In a cathedral, with a sense of worship and praise to the unseen God who is so gracious. The God who has given us breath and health – in our sixties – to cycle for around three hundred miles, and who has allowed us to enjoy the ever-shifting drama of his creation, the mists, the storms, the sunshine,  unexpected encounters, and the richness of friendship.

 Tom Hawksley, 3rd July 2024.

 

 

 

 

Saturday, 4 May 2024

UK officials sent a male rapist to a female prison; and gave a sixteen-year-old girl puberty blockers. Why? Propaganda.

 Adam Graham is a convicted rapist. During his trial he decided to become a woman, which was a sham according to his ex-wife. So, once sentenced, in February 2023, he was initially sent to a female prison; This was the policy of the Scottish Government. There was a public uproar, and now Adam Graham is in a male prison.

 Keira Bell was given puberty blockers when she was sixteen. At that age it was illegal for her to buy cigarettes, drink or drive – but she was allowed, possibly even encouraged, to change her sex. Many teenagers want to do unwise things and adults put down boundaries. None were put down for Keira– and now, aged 27, she deeply regrets what has happened.

 A male rapist is sent to a female prison

A child is given puberty blockers.

 How did this ever happen? How was it that the British Establishment - so well educated, so enlightened, so sensible– supported the idea that what a person felt about their sex – even a child – was more important than biological reality?

 Propaganda. Relentless propaganda.

 Nearly a hundred years ago an Austrian from Linz wrote that propaganda was the ability to ‘awaken the imagination of the public through an appeal to their feelings’. He went on to tell his readers that propaganda ‘must not investigate the truth objectively’, but rather it should be ‘confined to a few bare essentials’ which should be ‘expressed in stereotyped formulas.’

 This Austrian practised what he preached and managed to convince many that science supported the concept of racial superiority. Bad ideas have consequences. This one murdered millions.

 For the last thirty years or so the lobbyists of LGBTism, hopefully unknowingly, have been following the Austrian’s advice. They have ‘awakened the imagination of the public through an appeal to feelings.

 There are two dominant feelings aroused by the LGBT lobbyists. First there is the feeling of moral superiority, that they understand and care more for those who are not heterosexual. The feelings here run so strong, that if anyone were to suggest that homosexual behaviour was not the best for a man or a woman, or that it would be odd for someone to be born into the wrong body, they would be demonised as homophobes and transphobes - bigoted, judgemental, uncaring.

 The second feeling is people’s desire for sexual pleasure without any constraints[1]. That desire has been a norm throughout human history. The priority in the LGBT gospel is that someone must be able to legally express who they are sexually[2].

 If you ever have the time to study what the LGBTIQ plus stands for you will see there is a bewildering number of identities. We shouldn’t let the complexity hide the simplicity. It all adds up to permission to act out your sexual feelings without any discipline. One day you can be married and committed to your wife and children; the next you can be divorced and living with a man because your feelings say you are same sex attracted. Or living in a three-some. Or, whatever.

 Put these two feelings together and emotion, not reason, is in fifth gear. You can express yourself sexually however you want, and you can be superior to anyone who thinks that sexual intimacy is for the covenant of traditional marriage. Pride and promiscuity, all in one rainbow bundle.

 Coming on the back of the ‘sex, drugs, and rock and roll’ of the 1960s and 1970s, it’s not difficult to see how this appeal took off at the end of the 20th C. It culminated with David Cameron’s abolition of the meaning of traditional marriage (the act he was most proud of, strange man), and the rise of the trans movement.

 The Austrian also urged that there was constant repetition of ‘the bare essentials.’ That is again what has been happening. The main ‘bare essential’ the LGBT lobbyists have drilled into the public mind is the unproven dogma that mankind is sexually fluid. Mankind is made up of many different sexual colours, so the rainbow.

 The Austrian knew that facts could get in the way of his racial theories, so he insisted that the truth ‘should not be investigated objectively’. With LGBTism this has not happened. There has been a lot of research into sexual fluidity and sexual orientation. No doubt feelings have skewered some of this research, but surely much is objective. The consensus is that yes, there are a very few who are inter-sex, who suffer from gender dysphoria, have same sex attractions - but we do not know exactly why. It’s complicated.

 Put this another way – there is no solid evidence to think that man (men and women) is born as a sexually fluid creature. Some of the best objective research is found in the Cass Report (April 2024), commissioned by the UK government. This has concluded that there is no strong evidence that children are born into the wrong body. Other respected voices have spoken up in the name of science to undermine sexual fluidity, most notably J.K Rowling, and Professor Dawkins. Scientifically the trans creed is flawed.

 And there are the statistics. If we are sexually fluid, if the rainbow is the reality, you would expect a significant percentage of the UK population to be either homosexual or trans or one of the many other sexual identities in the LGBTI plus menu. That is not what the statistics show. In the 2011 Census 0.5% of people said they were homosexual; and in the 2021 Census it is 1.5%. Because of lobbying a question about being trans was included in the 2021 Census, returning the result of 0.5%.

 A sexually fluid rainbow suggests there are many colours, all merging into each other. The statistics show that when it comes to the sexual rainbow, over 98% of it is one colour: heterosexual. In the context of sexual identities, the rainbow is pure deceit.

 But, as the Austrian understood, it is not the ‘objective truth’ that matters, it is the propaganda[3], the flag, the symbol. Hence his insistence on huge parades, and the massive banners draped over as many buildings as possible. The reality of the rainbow has splintered on the rocks of science and statistics, but its message of sexual fluidity, with its Pride Marches, and flags, still holds sway. That’s the power of propaganda.

 This is easily – and sadly seen – by the deafening silence in terms of an apology after the publication of the Cass Report. Scores of parliamentarians, government officials, journalists and clergy[4] are complicit in what has happened to hundreds of young people. They created the atmosphere that allowed it to happen. Yes, there has been some backing away from rottweiler groups like Stonewall and Mermaid - but nobody is saying sorry.

 So, the propaganda continues with its grim impact played out in dreadful events like a male rapist arriving at a female prison, and a sixteen-year-old girl being given puberty blockers[5].

 Edmund Burke rightly said that ‘The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men (and women) to do nothing’.

 Surely it is time for more good people to stand up, as J.K Rowling has done, and call time on the propagandists who ruthlessly campaign for the deceit that mankind is sexually fluid.



[1] The Austrian was also keen to appeal to that feeling. He constantly quoted from a book called ‘Humans and Sun’ by Hans Suren, where it was bluntly stated – ‘the love life can never be tied to marriage alone’.

[2] This author has no interest in the state policing people’s bedrooms as long as public decency is maintained and children are protected from abuse. It is the insistence that we must – wrongly – see mankind as sexually fluid that is repugnant and needs robust opposition.

[3] The same was true of the French Revolution. Its fuel was propaganda, and that incited the violence. As is well known, when the Bastille was stormed and its governor murdered, there were only seven prisoners in the fortress. That did not stop the very name of the Bastille becoming synonymous with royal cruelty. It was all about propaganda, not reality.

[4] In February 2023 thirty-six bishops apologized to LGBTism and voted to bless sexual activity outside the covenant of traditional marriage. They are complicit in strengthening the official atmosphere that allowed Graham to be sent to a female prison, and Bell to be given puberty blocker.

[5] Keira Bell suffered from depression. This is a sad fact about people who think they might be in the wrong body. They tend to have significantly higher mental and psychiatric morbidity. They are already vulnerable people. Their situation is complex. The last thing they need is a simplistic dogmatic answer, as offered by the adherents to LGBTism.

Friday, 29 March 2024

Peter’s denial at the centre of St Matthew’s Passion; then, Lord have mercy. And Deventer.

 We have a friend, Thea,  who sings alto in a choir that performs Bach’s St Matthew’s Passion in Deventer, Holland. She is a Bach enthusiast and when my wife told her several years ago that she did not really understand his music, her response was simple: ‘I will teach you’.

 And she did. She hosted us in her home in Zwolle; gave us a tutorial on St Matthew's Passion; and arranged for us to attend the concert in Deventer. 

 Thea explained to us how Bach tied the music tightly to the text. Just a few examples: the voice of the Evangelist rises slightly when he says ‘Hohenpriester’ (high priest); the flute is tear like; the violins bring the whipping; there is staccato for the coins dropping. There are many more. 

 Every year she sings; every year she notices new details, new layers. That's Bach. 

 Most precious of all was her explanation about the structure of the entire work. It is in the form of a cross. The first half of the performance, (1 – 35) is the horizontal bar of the cross, and the second half is the vertical bar (36 – 78). But what happens at the intersection? The answer is Peter’s denial. Jesus prophesies about the denial half way through the first half, and then one third into the second half, the vertical bar, the actual denial happens. 

 And after that terrible human failure we have what is perhaps the peak of poignancy among the many mountains of Bach’s musical genius: the Erbame dich, Lord have mercy.

 That mercy becomes Christ crucified.  

 If Bach is the fifth evangelist, then surely ‘St Matthew’s Passion’ is the fifth Gospel, underlined by this structure. Whether we are believers or unbelievers makes little difference. All of us have a moral compass, and all of us have been where Peter has been. We have denied the truth. Not the functional two plus two truth, that is just information, but truth which has its roots in the Hebrew word Emet and speaks of loyalty, faithfulness, integrity, reliability. No wonder the Erbame dich brings such comfort to so many millions.

 Deventer

 I have attended performances of St Matthew’s Passion in London and Madrid; Derventer, Holland is in a different league. After that first visit in 2016, my wife and I went again last week (Holy Week, 2024). What happened there is etched onto our hearts.

 At the end of the performance, nobody moved. There was an intense, profound silence throughout the church. The idea of cheering – which of course the musicians deserved, and which often happens after a concert – would have been wholly out of place.

 I sat next to a lady who comes every year. She said that Deventer was the best St Matthew’s Passion in the Netherlands, and there are quite a few.

 There are reasons for this.

 First the church. The acoustics are superb, and the musicians can be positioned exactly as Bach intended, with the two orchestras and choirs facing each other, the soloists between them, the Evangelist in the pulpit – and the boys’ choir, in a balcony at the western end. The cross in the music, is there physically.

 Also the church brings immediacy for the audience are all around the central area. This is there as the music happens, and during the break and at the end. There is no backstage. Everyone mingles together.

 There is also the conductor, Klaas Stok. There was no baton, and absolutely no theatre, just his hands and his eyes, bringing it all to life, often from memory. This is an extraordinarily complicated piece, so much depending on pace and fluidity. Stok never let us down.

 During the interval I fell into conversation with a middle-man. He was surprised when he learned that my wife and I had travelled from England to hear this performance. I understood his surprise, but I assured him it was well worth it.

 And it was, for  I cannot remember any other concert that has had such emotional impact on me. In fact, it is not really possible to find words to describe how one feels when the performance ends. 

I think it is very likely we will be going to Deventer again. 

 

 

Tuesday, 6 February 2024

How many times did Jesus clear the temple? Once

 In the Synoptics Jesus clears the temple in the last week of his life; in John it seems to happen right at the start of Jesus’ ministry.

 What’s going on?

 We have three options.

 1. A mistake

 Either John or the Synoptic writers have made a mistake. There was one clearing of the temple, the Synoptics say it was in the last week of Jesus’ life; John says, that’s wrong, it was very early on in his ministry.

 I don’t think either John or the Synoptic writers would have made such a massive mistake. It is clear that there can be minor mistakes over details in the Gospels, and indeed in the Bible. For example go to the resurrection stories and try and work out how many angels were around. In Matthew there is one, in Mark there is a young man, in Luke and John there are two angels. We should not let these small differences worry us, the main point is that there are angels in an empty tomb.

 But what we have here in John is not a small mistake. To have the clearing at the start of the Jesus story when in fact it happened at the end of Jesus’ life is a big mistake. I do not believe the author is that careless. John is very careful about names and places. Look at the detail he gives in John 5 about where the healing of the lame man happened. Nor are the writers of the Synoptics careless. Luke said he investigated everything carefully. (Luke 1:3)

 The mistake option is not strong..

 2.Two separate events

 There were two cleansings of the temple. One is as John has it, at the start of Jesus’ ministry, the other, with the Synoptics, at the end. So, there are no mistakes. Some scholars like D.A Carson believe this. Many, quite rightly, are not convinced.

 Historically anyone creating mayhem in the temple would be arrested – immediately. The Jews and the Romans had soldiers right there in the temple to do this. In the Synoptics Jesus is not arrested, and we can easily understand why. Josephus tells us that the population of Jerusalem swelled to two million over Passover. That might be Middle Eastern exaggeration, but we are talking about hundreds of thousands of people. And these vast crowds have just welcomed him into Jerusalem calling Jesus the Son of David. Jesus is the true King.  And we are told that the authorities did not want to risk a riot by arresting him in public.

 So, it makes sense for Jesus to be able to clear the temple in the last week and not be arrested. To say it also happened at the start of his ministry makes no sense at all. Jesus was then only well known in Galilee. He did not have a vast following in Jerusalem. So he could have easily been arrested and probably put in prison for a long time.

 Connected to this historical problem, is the competence of the Synoptic writers.  I cannot see how a writer like Luke, who made a ‘careful investigation’ into Jesus’ life, would say nothing about this first clearing of the temple when he wrote about the second one.

 Jesus knows very well that his protest will not change anything. Ultimately it is gesture politics, a definitive statement that the whole system is rotten. Such a dramatic protest only needs to happen once, not twice. If we say Jesus did it twice it means he is the sort of person who likes protest for the sake of pointless protest. That should surely make us a little uneasy.

 There is also an artistic problem. For it is clumsy for there to be two clearings of the temple. It is a massive event. It needs to stand alone. The drama in the Synoptics is perfect. Jesus enters Jerusalem and looks around the temple. Then the next day he clears out the money changers and the traders There is an element of surprise. All that drains away if we think he has already done this at the start of his ministry.

 It's not difficult to understand why most people don’t think it happened twice

 Let’s go to the third option.

 3. John has moved the event forward.

 The clearing happened in the last week, as recorded in the Synoptics; but John has deliberately moved the story forward. This is the option that makes the most sense.

 First of all it’s important to note how close the stories are in both John and the Synoptics, especially Mark. Both take place near the time of the Passover, both have tables being overturned and after the incident, in both accounts the authority of Jesus is challenged.

 And then there is something else that ties this story in John to the Synoptics. More than once in the Synoptics we have the Jews asking Jesus for a sign, even though Jesus has performed many miracles. Jesus refuses to give them a sign and calls them ‘an evil and adulterous generation’.

 They are not sincere. We have the same here in John, 2:18, the Jews say, what sign have you done to give you this authority, but look at v. 23. It’s obvious Jesus has been performing many miracles. So many that Nicodemus talks about them at the start of chapter 3, and the Galileans who were in Jerusalem remember them in chapter 4. So – we have a similar request with a similar background.

 There is something else that shows this is one story, not two. In both the Synoptics and John Jesus refuses to give a sign. But once in reply to the demand for a sign Jesus had given an enigmatic response. He said the only sign they would be given would be the sign of Jonah who spent three nights in the belly of a whale. This is a reference to his death and resurrection. That is the basis of his authority. Now look what we have in John. Another enigmatic response about building a temple in three days – but  it is exactly the same meaning as what we have in the Synoptics. It’s about Jesus’ death and resurrection.

 There is one last point that – for me – settles the matter that what we have here in John 2 is the same story that we have in Mark 11. For in John 2:19 Jesus says, ‘Destroy this temple and in three days I will rise it up’.

 In Mark 14: 53 – 65 we have an account of Jesus’s first trial before the Sanhedrin. We are told that many people are standing up and speaking against Jesus. We don’t know exactly what they are saying until we come to v. 58. It is almost exactly what we have in John 2. ‘We heard him say, ‘I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and in three days I will build another, not made with hands.’

 In Mark we are not told when Jesus said this, but the idea this was said three years earlier is surely not true. No, this is hot, up to date evidence. Jesus has come to Jerusalem and has said the temple is going to be destroyed – not three years ago, but just a few days before this trial. He has challenged the whole system in front of a vast crowd. The authorities are determined to snuff this out.

 All the evidence points to there being one cleansing of the temple which happened in the last week of Jesus’ life. There was no cleansing of the temple three years earlier at the start of his ministry.

 Someone might say: but it is not right to change the dates even if the author has good reasons.

 But the writer does not change any dates. Look at the text carefully. He never says when the clearing of the temple happened. Unlike in chapter one there is no ‘the next day here’. We just read that the Passover of the Jews was near. And we know from the Synoptics that this was indeed the case. The writer is not changing the chronology at all, in fact he is trusting that his readers know that the story happened at the end of Jesus’ ministry and will understand that he wants emphasize something by placing it by the account of the water changing into wine.

 What then is he wanting to emphasize? The body and blood of Jesus Christ

 Chapter Two is the start of Jesus’ public ministry. And so this is the writer telling us what is at the heart of all Jesus’ ministry. This is the writer telling us how to view all of Jesus’ ministry. This is the lens from how we should view things. The writer is saying – don’t get lost in the detail of this healing or that teaching, remember the big picture. I gave it to you in chapter two.

 And what is that big picture? The story of the wedding in Cana was all about wine, the blood of Jesus. The story of the temple is all about Jesus’ body, how it will be destroyed and raised up after three days. What is the author wanting to say? That the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ stands at the heart of the Gospel story. It is what we had at the heart of the prologue. He came to his own, he was rejected, but to all who believed in him, he gave the right to become children of God. It’s what we had with John the Baptist. Not once, but twice – ‘Behold the lamb of God’. The best wine. The best bread. The death and resurrection. This is the story. This is the anchor. This is where everything beings and where everything ends. God’s love for sinful mankind in the blood and body of his beloved Son Jesus Christ. Lose this and we lose everything. No wonder the writer wants to move the story to the start.

 The actual text, the historical context, the artistry, and above all the theology all point to there being one cleansing of the temple a few days before Jesus’ execution. John has moved it to the start of his account of Jesus’ life confident that his readers will understand that he wants them to see all that happens through the prism of Christ’s death and resurrection.

 

Friday, 19 January 2024

How many people were at the last supper? Almost certainly more than thirteen.

 The assumption is there were thirteen there – Jesus and his twelve disciples. Then twelve after Judas goes into the ‘night’.

 The Bible record points to there being more people there.

 The security situation points to there being more people there.

 The culture points to there being more people there.

 The Bible Record

 The Bible never says there were only twelve disciples in the upper room. Yes, the twelve were certainly there (Matthew 26:20; Mark 14: 17; Luke 22:14); but the Scripture never says it was only the twelve.

 In Mark 14:51 we read about a young man who had been with Jesus and the other disciples in Gethsemane. When the soldiers tried to arrest him, this young man managed to get away, but lost his linen cloth. So, he ran away ‘naked’. Nearly every scholar believes that this was Mark John.

 Mark John was not an apostle; but he was in the garden. You can argue that he came separately and met Jesus and the apostles in the middle of the night. That seems unlikely. It is much more likely that he was in the upper room for the last supper and then left with the others, as the Gospel of John records. Jesus says, ‘Rise, let’s go’. (John 14:31)

 And the Beloved Disciple. He is there at the last supper (13:23). And at the end of the Gospel he tells us that he is the disciple (not the apostle) who is the author of all that we have read, (21:24). Most scholars, for good reason, do not believe that John Zebedee was the author of the Gospel – for more on that see here, https://sternfieldthoughts.blogspot.com/2014/02/who-wrote-gospel-of-john-not-son-of.html - so that means that as well as John Mark, we definitely have another non apostle at the table.

 There is one more aspect of the Bible account that points to there being more than thirteen in the upper room. Jesus announces that one of his disciples will betray him (John 13:21). The disciples are confused and Peter makes a sign to the Beloved Disciple to discreetly ask Jesus who the traitor is. Jesus explains about the bread; the bread is offered to Judas, and then Judas leaves. If there are just twelve at the table it would seem that they are descending into a new depth of dumbness. In this type of setting it is absolutely obvious who the traitor is: announcement; signing; whispering; Jesus offers bread to Judas; Judas goes out. Even a three-year-old would be able to work out that the traitor was Judas. But, according to the writer of the fourth Gospel, the disciples have not worked it out. They think that Judas is going out either to buy something for the upcoming Feast of Unleavened Bread, or to give money to the poor who that Passover night would be gathered in some number in the entrance of the temple (John 13:29).

 If we have more in the room, then it is much easier to understand why the disciples did not understand why Judas had left. We have to free ourselves from the paintings, and imagine a room where there are more people and different circles of conversation happening. There is shock with Jesus’ announcement, and then these different conversations start, so very few see either Peter’s sign to the Beloved Disciple, or his whispered conversation with Jesus, or even the bread being offered to Judas.

 That is the Bible record. It never says there were only thirteen; it points very definitely to Mark John and the Beloved Disciple as being there; and the action between Peter, the Beloved Disciple, Jesus and Judas was not noticed by all the guests – because of numbers.

 The Security Situation

 Things were tense in Jerusalem and dangerous for Jesus. This private dinner was a perfect opportunity for the authorities to arrest Jesus so the group needed protection. This was provided by ‘the master of the house’. This man is rich. He owns a house in the capital – with a large upper room. He is probably influential. It is his presence in the upper room which gives the security. The authorities want to arrest Jesus when he is isolated, not when he is with a well to do supporter.

 It is worth noting that some think this well to do supporter is the Beloved Disciple. And if the Beloved Disciple is also the ‘other disciple’ who is mentioned in chapter 18 then we know he is very influential. For we are told that he is known to the high priest. He just has to knock on Caiaphas’ door and not only can he walk in, but he can bring Peter with him. Such a man would definitely give security.

 The Culture

 This was not a culture of fixed social gatherings with guest lists and seating plans. That is a Western idea. A social gathering in the East is more fluid. If people come, their names were not checked. That is why the woman with the difficult reputation was able to be at the social gathering with Jesus and Simon the Pharisee in Luke 7. Already we know that Mark John and the Beloved Disciple (who is possibly the owner) were there. The flow of the culture would mean that if others were ‘insiders’, then they too would have been welcomed. That’s the East. John Mark’s mother could have been there. Martha, Mary and Lazarus. Mary Magdalene. Others.

 There is something else about culture. In the East meals are a serious business. You can’t have people round and just put a pizza in the micro-wave. That is true for all meals – but it is especially true for a meal at Passover time. It is a little like Christmas for Christians.

 So, Peter and John are sent to prepare the Passover meal (Luke 22:8), but do we have to believe they had no help? The menu for the Passover meal is not bread and cheese. It is at least a bean stew, lamb, olives, fish, unleavened bread, dates, the wine - and probably more. There is a lot of work. The culture in the East is that usually more people get involved in the kitchen. It is perhaps more likely that Peter and John were shown a room where they prepared the Passover, and then were helped by close and trusted friends. Martha would have been excellent. 

 So….

 It is of course impossible to say exactly how many people were at the Last Supper, but perhaps a good guess would be between twenty to thirty. Stay with thirteen and we have to have John Mark setting out in the middle of the night to get to Gethsemane; the Beloved Disciple has to be John Zebedee which stirs up a nest of problems; the disciples have to be stupid; the security appalling; and the culture boxed into a rigid dinner party with a strict guest list.

 

Friday, 29 December 2023

Over twelve hours of the extended versions of the Lord of The Rings Trilogy. Is there a most moving moment?

 I’ve never done it before, sat on a sofa and watched three major films – in a row. We had two pizza breaks, and over twelve hours in front of a huge TV screen with a superb sound system.

 It’s no good dipping into Tolkien; sinking into his world of wizards and men, hobbits, and elves, and orcs and trolls is surely the best way. And so it was going to be all three extended versions – The Fellowship of The Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King – back to back.

 And after all those epic battles, vicious duels, tense diplomacy, grand deliberations, and slithering Gollum conversations - – is it possible to pin point the most moving moment?

 Yes.

 It is right at the end, at the great gathering outside the chapel at the top of Minas Tirith. The camera draws back and we see our four hobbits standing, and as the returned king Aragorn approaches they start to bow. But Aragorn says that they do not have to bow to anyone, and then the entire company kneels in honour of the hobbits. 

 The seemingly strong honouring the seemingly weak.

 The glamorous and the exotic, kneeling before the Mr Ordinaries.  Not because they are patronizing or even polite, but because after twelve hours we know that the hobbits absolutely deserve it.  They had the perfect rustic life, but they chose to go. And they kept on going.

 So, we are moved because the halflings who should have been easily defeated by the orcs and trolls and Nazgul birds and evil invisible powers - have won.

 We are moved because, though flawed, their loyalty and courage and perseverance, proved stronger than their weaknesses.

 And we are moved because if Frodo and Sam and Pippin and Merry can press on to deal with the evil that came unwanted into their ordinary lives, then we too can do the same in our ordinary lives.

 And, even better, perhaps one day, in a great gathering, we too will be honoured by the returned King.

Thursday, 9 November 2023

A Summary Of Edmund Burke's 'Reflections on the French Revolution'

 After reading Burke’s wonderfully robust ‘Reflections on the French Revolution’ I looked on the internet for a summary. I couldn’t fine one, so I wrote my own. Some writing is too good to just leave vaguely in one’s memory.

 In the opening pages Burke explains that he began the book as a correspondence with a young friend in France (Charles Depont) who was seeking his views on the revolution.

 Burke had no doubts about the importance of the question.  ‘The French Revolution’ he wrote,’is the most astonishing that has hitherto happened in the world’. However opening he has ‘grave doubts on several material points in your late transactions’.

 The French Revolution has no connection with the English Revolution of 1688

 Burke was very opposed to any linking of the French Revolution with England’s Glorious Revolution. He forcefully attacks a sermon given by a member of The Revolution Society in England. The preacher is Dr Richard Price[1], whom Burke dislikes, not only for his unthinking support for the French Revolution, but especially because he argues that it is similar to the English Revolution. Price says the English king ‘owes his crown to the choice of his people.’ Burke tears this apart as being historical nonsense: ‘it affirms a most unfounded, dangerous, and illegal and unconstitutional position.’

 Burke attacks the principle that popular choice is necessary for the legal existence of ‘sovereign magistracy.’ He shows how the Glorious Revolution did not change the fixed rule of succession, but was a pragmatic and exceptional diversion. That’s all. It had nothing to do with a ‘popular choice’. Burke praises England’s 1689 ‘Declaration of Rights’ which was drawn up by great lawyers and statesmen and ‘not by warm and inexperienced enthusiasts.’ Here there is nothing about people being able to choose their own governors. Burke eschewed the idea that the king has legality from popular choice, and asserts England has stuck firmly to the rule of hereditary succession. The men behind the Glorious Revolution knew that anything that looked like an election would be ‘destructive’ of the ‘unity, peace and tranquillity of this nation’. Burke is very hostile to the people who think that kings should be elected. He loathes the idea that the French are some how imitating the English. This is a tissue of lies and nonsense.

 Kings are not servants of the people

 Burke attacks another claim of the Revolutionary Society, the ‘right of cashiering their governors for misconduct’. This argument is made because the English establishment drove James II from his throne. Burke said this was done very reluctantly and only once it had been proved that James II had plans to overthrow the Protestant state. This was more than misconduct. Burke mocks Price’s suggestion that the king should be called a servant of the people. We are to obey the king, not he us. Since you cannot cashier a king without using force, Burke asserts that Price is asking for violence.

 The English like to ‘to receive from their forefathers’.

 Burke also mocks Price’s assertion that the English wanted ‘the right to form a government for ourselves’. Not at all. We want to receive from our forefathers. ‘the fabrication of a new government fills us with disgust and horror.’ English legislators always look back to what has gone before. They reflect. ‘A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined views.’ So Burke is earnest in praising what has gone before in Britain, and the attitude this strengthens.

 Castigates the French for not building on what they already had

 Having shown how the British revolution was essentially very cautious and keen to keep as much as the past as possible, Burke now turns to the French Revolution and castigates them for not building on what they had: ‘Your constitution was suspended before it was perfected.’ Burke shows how their constitution was such that it demanded moderation between the conflicting parties. His main charge is that they wantonly destroyed what only needed improving – ‘You began ill, because you began by destroying everything that belonged to you.’ Burke argues that it would have been better if they ‘had kept alive the ancient principles and models of the old common law of Europe meliorated and adapted to its present state’. But instead France has followed ‘false lights.’ Burke is extremely critical about the way France has abandoned religion. He argues that religion and government go together, but ‘France, when she let loose the reins of regal authority, doubled the license of a ferocious dissoluteness in manners and an insolent irreligion in opinions and practice’ and now, ‘She (France) has sanctified the dark, suspicious maxims of tyrannous distrust.’

 The Revolutionary Leaders have no moral compass

 Burke accuses the revolutionary leaders of deceit as they told the king he had nothing to fear when he called the states together. Burke is shocked at the way the king has been treated, the ‘fury, outrage, and insult’ heaped upon ‘a mild and lawful monarch.’

 Burke says they have reaped what they have sown – anarchy, unrest, no commerce, taxes unpaid, poverty, i.e. the French Revolution is an unmitigated disaster. None of this was necessary. Burke heaps blame on the Revolutionary leaders for ‘authorizing treasons, robberies, rapes, assassinations, slaughters, and burnings throughout their harassed land’

 The Revolutionary Leaders do not have the breeding to govern

 Burke says that the people who have come to power in the National Assembly do not have the experience or breeding to govern well. When he looked at the lists he could not find any who had practical experience. Burke is especially dismissive of how the states were merged, and at the preponderance of small-town lawyers who were there.

 ‘The general composition was of obscure provincial advocates, of stewards of petty local jurisdictions, country attorneys, notaries…conductors of the petty wars of village vexation.’ From reading the list, Burke knew what was going to happen. These men were ‘intoxicated with their unprepared greatness’.

 Burke also argues that these lawyers and the investors were out to make money out of all the upheavals. This was the Third Estate, and what Burke thinks is missing is the landed interest. And any control over this Third Estate, now the National Assembly.

 He is astonished that such people should have to write a completely new constitution. Burke is also dismissive of the clergy who had come, for they were village curates who ‘knew nothing of the world beyond the bounds of an obscure village.’

 This is Burke’s conclusion on the Third Estate: a ‘momentum of ignorance, rashness, presumption, and lust of plunder which nothing has been able to resist.’ Burke has focused, rightly, on the weakness of human nature. He is arguing that you have to look to those who have experience in government and who have learned to think properly about how to run things.

 The French have abandoned these people. They are levellers who ‘pervert the natural order of things.’ Burke believes people can rise, but the road should not be easy. There needs to be a season of probation.

 The importance of hereditary property

 Burke insists on the importance of hereditary property, this is the English House of Lords. Burke believes they give solidity to the state, and is contemptuous when they are ‘rashly slighted in shallow speculations of the petulant, assuming, short-sighted coxcombs of philosophy.’ Burke’s problem with France is this: ‘The property of France does not govern it.’ So, the country’s money now is just paper. He predicts, correctly, that The National Assembly will ruin France.

 Politics must be practical and suitable to man’s nature

 Burke now returns to criticising Price’s sermon, attacking the idea that France has been following the cause of liberty. He then lists all the terrible things that have happened. Burke attacks Price who dislikes the ‘inadequacy of representation’ in Britain. For Burke it is adequate because it has worked. Burke despises the way Price and others attack the British system as being unfair and illegitimate. Burke fears they want to destroy both the civil and religious authorities in Britain, and this is why they look to France with ‘passionate enthusiasm’. With the ‘rights of men’, they want to blow up all that has gone before.

 Burke lists what rights we have, they are very practical. But our rights are not equal, they depend on how much we have in the ‘partnership.’ And Burke is convinced that the state has to have restrains for the passions of men. So the subject must obey, otherwise there is anarchy. The state must be built on practical experience, not abstract theories. So, again he emphasizes the importance of respecting the past.

 Here is perhaps the most important sentence in the book, applicable in all generations.

 ‘It is with infinite caution that any man ought to venture upon pulling down an edifice which has answered in any tolerable degree for ages the common purposes of society.’

 He loathes the political theorists – ‘They are metaphysically true, they are morally and politically false.’ And he thinks they are construed to give the theorists power.

 And why are the theorists false? They ‘…are so taken up with their theories about the rights of man that they have totally forgotten his nature.’

 And – they want blood. That is what makes a revolution proper. A bloodless one for them is ‘vapid.’

 The arrest of the king and queen (October 1789)[2]

 Burke now turns to the capture of the king and queen. He is appalled at how Price and others could congratulate the National Assembly after this. It was ‘the most horrid, atrocious, and afflicting spectacle that perhaps ever was exhibited to the pity and indignation of mankind.’ For Burke what happened was ‘the degenerate choice of a vitiated mind’, because there has been no punishment against those who engaged in the violence of that day. Burke underlines the grim contradiction of the French Revolution.

 ‘Amidst assassination, massacre, perpetrated or mediated, they are forming plans for the good order of future society’.

 Burke’s contempt for the National Assembly continues ‘They act like the comedians of a fair before a riotous audience’. They have power to destroy, nothing to construct. Burke mocks the idea that public benefit can be gained from the murder of the kings’ servants and the attempted assassination on himself and his wife. Burke then describes well what happened on 6th October, 1789. He then asks, ‘Is this a triumph to be consecrated on altars?’

 Burke is here refusing to surrender to the notion that the end justifies the means. He will go on to argue that the ends, anyway, were paltry and pathetic.

 ‘The age of chivalry is past’ destroyed by the intellectuals

 Burke has great admiration for the royals and the stoicism they are displaying when facing such unjust trials. Regarding the Queen in ages past if threatened ‘ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards, but the age of chivalry has gone…that of sophisters, economists; and calculators has come’.

 For Burke it is chivalry which has distinguished Europe ‘to its advantage…without force or opposition it subdued the fierceness of pride and power.’ Now, all this is to be destroyed and condemned as ‘antiquated fashion’. So a king or queen can be murdered and if ‘the people’ gain, then ‘we ought not to make too severe a scrutiny’.

 Burke blames the intellectuals. He is writing in 1789, four years before the terror, but prophetically writes this: ‘In the groves of their academy at the end of every vista you see nothing but the gallows.’ Violence has usurped the ancien regime, so violence will have to maintain the new order.

 The French Revolution has taken away the moral compass. Civilisation rested ‘upon two principles…the spirit of a gentleman and the spirit of religion…’ and these principles were inculcated into the nobility and the clergy, these two groups help maintain these principles. With these there is learning, and this learning then benefits trade and commerce. Take these principles away and France will be a ‘nation of gross, stupid, ferocious, and, at the same time, poor and sordid barbarians destitute of religion, honour, and manly pride.’ Burke fears this is going to happen because for the leaders of the National Assembly, ‘Their humanity is savage and brutal.’ The loss of chivalry in France is particularly poignant because England learned these manners from the French.

 Burke makes no apologies for dwelling so long on the assault on Versailles because it was such a tragedy, indeed if it was put on the stage Burke expects he would weep. For this event shows that, ‘Criminal means once tolerated are soon preferred.’ In this even the natural senses of right and wrong were swallowed up. Price referred to this day as a ‘leading in triumph’, Burke has torn this facile assessment apart. Burke asks for proof that Louis and Maria Antoinette were cruel tyrants who were planning on massacring the National Assembly – then their imprisonment would be just. But that is not the case.

 Burke comments that the French do not know the English very well which is due to the sort of newspapers they read, i.e. noisy journalists. Burke insists that England is still governed by the old feelings of chivalry – ‘We are not converts of Rousseau; we are not disciples of Voltaire; Atheists are not our preachers; madmen are not our lawgivers…. we still feel within us’. Burke again and again is appealing to morality, and that it is natural for men and women to worship God and respect their seniors in society.

 Burke castigates the French intellectuals – ‘With them it is a sufficient motive to destroy an old scheme of things because it is an old one…they are at inexpiable war with all establishments.’ Burke mocks the thought that the French Revolution has been inspired by the English and says that the English will never take on the teachings of the French Revolution.

 As for atheists who have written in England – ‘At present they repose in lasting oblivion’ Then Burke lists all the names of atheist writers that nobody reads. And in England they never became a cabal. Rather than atheism, Burke says, ‘We know, and what is better, we feel inwardly, that religion is the basis of civil society and the source of all good and of all comfort.’  This is because man is a religious animal and atheism is against not only our reason, but out instincts and that it cannot prevail for long.’ So Burke blames the atheists for the downfall of France. England will never follow.

 The confiscation of church property

 The established church is important so politicians sense they are accountable to God. Burke writes at length on this. Church and state are inseparable. Education strengthens this for it is in the hands of the clergy. And the English do not want the clergy to get a salary from the state. They want it to be independent. And Burke hates the idea that leaders just use religion to subdue the simple and vulgar. No, the leaders are believers. Burke loves the fact that an archbishop goes before a duke in a ceremonial procession.

 After explaining the importance of the church, Burke now castigates the National Assembly for confiscating the property of the church, ‘which it was their first duty to protect’. Burke says that the National Assembly has taken the property of men ‘unaccused, unheard, untried.’ This is the work of a tryant. He calls them the ‘confiscators’ who have helped themselves to the property of others to pay the national debt. Burke looks at other act of theft against those who had an income under the old regime. This lack of good will even extends to treaties. Deals with the attack on the nobility which happened via the attack on the church.

 Burke hates the intellectuals who formed a cabal ‘for the destruction of the Christian religion’. Because of their talents, their ‘evil tendency’ was ignored. ‘These atheist fathers have a bigotry of their own and they have learned to talk against monks with the spirit of a monk.’

 They intrigued with princes, they cultivated the monied interest. They fuelled the revolution and the idea that the church should pay the nation’s debts. The clergy had had nothing to do with the transactions that brought the debts – but they had to pay because of the grim attack of the writers. Burke mocks the impact of these writers when he said that Henry 8th would not have  needed his survey of all the monasteries. He just had to say, ‘Philosophy, Light, Liberality, the Rights of Man’ and the job was done.’

 The financial situation in France was not so critical

 Burke argues that there was no need for these illegal confiscations of property. The financial situation in France was not so critical. There follows a detailed analysis with the conclusion that the plan of Necker would have worked; and that was has since happened has made France even more impoverished. Burke continually attacks the confiscation of church property. Sees that there is ‘an alliance of bankruptcy and tyranny’. And calls the government an ‘ignoble oligarchy’. Refers to Aristotle who saw that a democracy has ‘many striking points of resemblance with a tyranny’. Burke fears for the minorities in France. Burke admits that the monarchy in France had abuses, but they could have been dealt with. He sees deceit in the story in that none of the people who first came to the assembly of the states ever wanted to pull down the monarchy. Burke shows that France was not in such a bad state – i.e. there was some good in the rule of monarchy. Looks at the population. It was doing well. And at agriculture, again a success story. And other aspects of the economy. So, the idea that the government of France was ‘an absolute evil’ is nonsense. This was a government whose excellence could be improved. That’s all. The monarchy was working towards this. Burke is certain that the French Revolution will not do as well.

 The decent character of France’s nobility and clergy

 Burke is appalled at the way the nobility and clergy have been slandered. What have they done? Burke says that he found the French nobility ‘composed of men of high spirit and a delicate sense of honour’ Not at all violent towards the lower classes. Their main fault was accepting ‘that licentious philosophy which has helped to bring on their ruin’. For Burke, ‘Nobility is a graceful ornament to the civil order. ‘They did not deserve the suffering the French Revolution inflicted on them.

 Same with the clergy. Their treatment was undeserved and Burke suspects some of the persecution was motivated by greed. To condemn the clergy, the atheists have had to go to history, not the present clerics. So they act out the massacre of St Bartholomew to engender more hatred of the clergy. They are perverting history.

 There are weaknesses, but we must bear with ‘infirmities until they fester into crime.’ This had not happened with the clergy. Burke when he visited found ‘the clergy in general persons of moderate minds and decorous manners.’ Impressed by the scholarly nature of the bishops, and some of the senior clergy he had met. Deserve respect. But the National Assembly have a disposition just to plunder the church. Now there is an ‘elective clergy’, i.e. stooges of the government, and Burke believes this is a temporary measure before they stamp out Christianity all together. This is the aim of the ‘philosophical fanatics.’

 The importance of property

 Regarding the confiscation of the church and monasteries’ property, it is justice that is being mocked. And so the National Assembly sits not for the security of property, but for its destruction. Burke blames the atheistic journalists wo have ‘filled the populate with a black and savage atrocity of mind.’ Burke is against any government being able to ‘confiscate’ property. His objection is larger than just the appalling anti clericalism that had swept France. For it means there has been a departure from basic justice.

 Burke is not against reform, but loathes these people who ‘consider his country as nothing but carte blanch – upon which he may scribble whatever he pleases.’ Burke is all in favour of inheritance. It is good for some things not to involve money.

 The National Assembly is illegal

 Burke sees the National Assembly as being essentially illegal. ‘A voluntary association of men’ using the opportunity, ‘to seize the upon the power of the state.’ So, ‘they proceed exactly as their ancestors of ambition have done before them’. They are following the ‘formulas of tyranny and usurpation’. Experimenting with other people’s lives on ‘untried speculations’ So, they are ‘ready to cut up the infant for the sake of an experiment.’ Their eloquence, does not have wisdom. They have unleashed destruction in the name of reform

 ‘Rage and frenzy will pull down more in half an hour than prudence, deliberation, and foresight can build up in a hundred years.’ True reform is about a lot more than pulling down the old. Burke all for slow change. ‘We compensate, we reconcile, we balance’. It is all too destructive.

 ‘By hating vices too much, they come to love men too little.’

 The new constitution, ‘a puerile and pedantic system’

 Burke considers their constitution. He mocks the way representation works because there is no direct link – as in England – between the citizen and the representative. Instead the system operates via 18 departments connecting to 1,720 districts, connection to 6,400 cantons. Says the representation is unequal It is held together by philosophy, ‘not anything moral.’ He calls the National Assembly ‘alchemistical legislators’, who will only bring the constitution into being through ‘terror’. (He is writing four years before the terror proper). Burke sees the National Assembly really as an arm of the state, not a body that can balance the executive. This means there will be an oligarchy in each department, and this will encourage speculators.

 The constitution will encourage speculators and usurers who know nothing of agriculture – this is because they are selling off church land. For Burke ‘one old experience peasant’ is worth more than all the directors. ‘They will not follow the plough whilst they can direct treasuries and govern provinces.’

 Burke says that these legislators ‘have founded a commonwealth upon gaming’. What is so bad is that ‘all are forced to play, few can understand the game. The many must be the dupes of the few who conduct the machine of these speculations’ So, all the power is going to settle in the towns with the burghers and the monied directors. Burke see that if this ‘monster of a constitution can continue France will be wholly governed by agitators…trustees, agents, attorneys, money jobbers, speculators. Here end all the deceitful dreams and visions of the quality and rights of men’

 Another problem Burke sees with the constitution is the power of the city of Paris. For though the French Revolution wants everyone to be Frenchmen, it is likely that the regions will lose their localities. Burke mocks the idea that we can feel affection for a mere number. All will be controlled by Paris.

 No external control of the National Assembly

 So, the National Assembly has ‘every possible power’, but ‘no possible external control.’ There is no senate. Always there is such a body. Needed for review and steadiness. As for the executive – a downgraded king. Just a channel for the National Assembly. Better if the king had nothing to do with the judiciary for ‘Everything in justice that is vile and odious is thrown upon him.’.

 Burke shows how it is for the good of the state when a king has a councillor who he does not like, but who serves well. But now a minister of state in France has no dignity. These ministers of state in France, ‘they are the only persons in that country who are incapable of a share in the national councils. What ministers! What councils! What a nation! – but they are responsible. ‘So, there is no authority in the executive. Suggests that the king have the prerogative of declaring war and peace, otherwise the other kings will start meddling in the National Assembly.

 The National Assembly has abolished the parliament – which was independent. So they could oppose ‘arbitrary innovation’. A great security to private property. A corrective to the excesses and vices of monarchy.’ None of this in the new system. They could have served as a corrective to the ‘evils of a light and unjust democracy.’

 Also they should have kept the ‘ancient power of registering and remonstrating…all the decrees of the National Assembly. This stops the ‘occasional decrees’. Instead you appoint the judges and tell them what to say. And it’s dangerous if they don’t. Worse, the law makers are exempt from the law. So – the move to oligarchy.

 The army will become a monster

 According to its own minister the army is in a state of anarchy. Burke points out that this will become a political monster, ‘devouring those who have produced it’. This is of course exactly what happened. Burke asks why anarchy has taken over the army, and his answer is because of the violence the National Assembly has sanctioned, which included the killing of soldiers who were guarding the king. It is to do with the assertion of the equality of men, the pulling down of the idea of a gentleman, the abolition of titles…’But M. de lar Tour du Pin is astonished at their disloyalty.’ Burke mockingly suggests that the soldiers are sent the ‘excellent sermons of Voltaire, d’Alembert, Diderot, and Helvetius…’ The National Assembly has weakened the ‘austere rules of military discipline.’

 There must be blood

 ‘Any part of the puerile and pedantic system with they call a constitution’ harms everything it comes into contact with: the crown, the army; the municipality.

 Burke concludes – ‘There must be blood’.

 That has to happen if you mix mutinous soldiers with seditious citizens. There is also the problem that the soldiers have to petition both the court and the National Assembly for promotion. And they have destroyed the principle of obedience. Who should choose the officers, surely the soldiers in the French Revolution. Everything is elective – so why not in the army?

 This means there will be violence because when there is a difference between the National Assembly and the army that is the only option left.

 ‘As the colonists rise on you, the Negroes rise on them. Troops again – massacre, torture, hanging! These are your rights of men! These are the fruits of metaphysical declarations wantonly made…You lay down metaphysic propositions which infer universal consequences, and then your attempt to limit logic by despotism.’

 In this new system where there are no lords the peasants ask, ‘why are we taxed to maintain what you tell us ought not to exist?’

 So the whole system of the equality comes to this: ‘They (the members of the National Assembly) have left nothing but their own arbitrary pleasure to determine what property is to be protected and what subverted’

 The Revolution has bankrupted the country

 After the French Revolution the revenues of the state ‘was diminished by the sum of two hundred million…considerably more than one third of the whole.’ So, the National Assembly have overthrown the nation’s finances. Because each district acted as it felt when it came to taxes. That was because of the ‘government’. They asked for ‘voluntary benevolence’. Now they have to get that benevolence by force.

 ‘The invention of these juvenile pretenders to liberty was in reality nothing more than a servile imitation of one of the poorest resources of doting despotism.’

 Says that the French economy is all about paper money, while in England it is about commerce, solid credit, and keeping political power out of transactions.

 The National Assembly have no lines of credit. Unlike the old government which could raise money. The new just rest on ‘church plunder’. They think this will cure all the evils of the state. All they can do is issue more paper money, assignats, on the basis of confiscated property. For Burke is it madness to replace a working system with one based on confiscated property. Especially when there is no valuation of the said property. And when the cost of maintaining these properties is more than their worth. ‘These are the calculating powers of imposture! This is the finance of philosophy!’.

 Burke continues to criticize their financial arrangements. Especially ‘coining into money the bells of suppressed churches.’

 ‘The prattling about the rights of men will not be accepted in payment for a biscuit or a pound of gunpowder.’

 The members of the National Assembly ‘are besieged by no others enemies than their own madness and folly, their own credulity and perverseness.’

 Before July 1789, the finances were sound. Now they are grim.

 Good Order

 ‘Good order is the foundation of all good things. To be enabled to acquire, the people, without being servile, must be tractable and obedient. The magistrate must have his reverence, the laws their authority. The body of the people must not find the principles of natural subordination by art rooted out of their minds. They must respect that property of which they cannot partake. They must labour to obtain what by labour can be obtained; and when they find, as they commonly do, the success disproportioned to the endeavour, they must be taught their consolation in the final proportions of eternal justice.’

 To talk about liberty without wisdom and virtue means it becomes ‘the greatest of all possible evils.’

 For Burke liberty means reforming what we have, and that requires ‘much thought, deep reflection, a sagacious, powerful and combining mind. This I do not find in tow who take a lead in the National Assembly.’

 Instead we have ‘bidders at the auction of popularity’.

 In answer to the question that surely some good much have come from the French Revolution, Burke writes – ‘The improvements of the National Assembly are superficial, their errors fundamental.’

 The importance of understanding human nature

 Burke praises the English constitution where people ‘acted under a strong impression of the ignorance and fallibility of mankind, let us add if we please, but let us preserve what they have left, and, standing on the firm ground of the British constitution, let us be satisfied to admire rather than attempt to follow in the desperate flights of the aeronauts of France. ‘

 Burke says his views are based on ‘observation and much impartiality.’

 



[1] Price (1723 – 1791) was a well-connected philosopher, a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Unitarian minister. He became famous for his support for the American Revolution. Burke also supported the colonists. On November 4th 1789 Price preached a sermon urging support for the French Revolution, which he thought was a child of England’s Glorious Revolution. Burke’s ‘Reflections’ was partially a reply to this sermon.

[2] On October 5th, 1789 a vast mob led by market women stormed Versailles, demanding that the king and queen live in Paris. Some guards were murdered. Their heads were carried on pikes in the 60,000 strong procession that returned to Paris, with the King and Queen on the 6th.

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